罗马军事和政治领袖苏拉·费利克斯（公元前138-78年）是罗马共和国晚期的重要人物。他因将士兵带进罗马、杀害罗马公民以及在多个领域的军事技能而被人们铭记。他还因个人关系和外表而臭名昭著。苏拉最后一次不寻常的行动是他最后一次政治行动。

苏拉出生于一个贫穷的贵族家庭，但从一位名叫尼科波利斯的妇女及其继母那里继承了财富，使他得以进入政治圈（库苏斯·霍诺伦）。在朱古提战争期间，在之前闻所未闻的七个领事馆中的第一个领事馆，出生于阿皮努姆的诺夫斯·马吕斯（novus homo Marius）选择了贵族苏拉作为他的资历。虽然这一选择导致了政治冲突，但在军事上是明智的。苏拉说服邻国的一位非洲国王为罗马人绑架朱古塔，从而解决了这场战争。

苏拉与马吕斯的争执关系

尽管苏拉和马吕斯在马吕斯获得胜利时发生了摩擦，但至少在苏拉看来，这是基于苏拉自己的努力，苏拉继续在马吕斯手下服役。两人之间的激烈竞争愈演愈烈。

苏拉在公元前87年解决了罗马意大利盟国之间的叛乱，然后被派去解决庞图斯国王米特里达梯，这是马吕斯想要的任务。马吕斯说服参议院改变苏拉的命令。苏拉拒绝服从，向罗马进军，这是一场内战。

苏拉在罗马掌权，使马吕斯成为一名亡命之徒，并前往东部对付庞图斯国王。与此同时，马吕斯向罗马进军，开始了一场大屠杀，通过禁赛报复，并将没收的财产交给了他的退伍军人。马吕斯死于公元前86年，这并没有结束罗马的动乱。

苏拉以独裁者的身份掌权

苏拉与米特里达梯解决了问题，回到罗马，庞贝和克拉苏加入了他的行列。苏拉于公元前82年在科林门战役中获胜，结束了内战。他命令杀死马吕斯的士兵。虽然这个办公室已经有一段时间没有使用了，但只要有必要，苏拉本人就宣布独裁者（而不是过去习惯的六个月）。普鲁塔克在他关于苏拉的传记中写道：“因为苏拉宣称自己是独裁者，这个职位被搁置了一百二十年。”。然后，塞拉起草了自己的禁制名单，并以没收的土地奖励他的退伍军人和线人。

Sylla being thus wholly bent upon slaughter, and filling the city with executions without number or limit, many wholly uninterested persons falling a sacrifice to private enmity, through his permission and indulgence to his friends, Caius Metellus, one of the younger men, made bold in the senate to ask him what end there was of these evils, and at what point he might be expected to stop? "We do not ask you," said he, "to pardon any whom you have resolved to destroy, but to free from doubt those whom you are pleased to save." Sylla answering, that he knew not as yet whom to spare. "Why then," said he, "tell us whom you will punish." This Sylla said he would do. .... Immediately upon this, without communicating with any of the magistrates, Sylla proscribed eighty persons, and notwithstanding the general indignation, after one day's respite, he posted two hundred and twenty more, and on the third again, as many. In an address to the people on this occasion, he told them he had put up as many names as he could think of; those which had escaped his memory, he would publish at a future time. He issued an edict likewise, making death the punishment of humanity, proscribing any who should dare to receive and cherish a proscribed person, without exception to brother, son, or parents. And to him who should slay any one proscribed person, he ordained two talents reward, even were it a slave who had killed his master, or a son his father. And what was thought most unjust of all, he caused the attainder to pass upon their sons, and son's sons, and made open sale of all their property. Nor did the proscription prevail only at Rome, but throughout all the cities of Italy the effusion of blood was such, that neither sanctuary of the gods, nor hearth of hospitality, nor ancestral home escaped. Men were butchered in the embraces of their wives, children in the arms of their mothers. Those who perished through public animosity, or private enmity, were nothing in comparison of the numbers of those who suffered for their riches. Even the murderers began to say, that "his fine house killed this man, a garden that, a third, his hot baths." Quintus Aurelius, a quiet, peaceable man, and one who thought all his part in the common calamity consisted in condoling with the misfortunes of others, coming into the forum to read the list, and finding himself among the proscribed, cried out, "Woe is me, my Alban farm has informed against me."

苏拉可能被称为幸运的“菲利克斯”，但在这个时候，这个称呼更适合另一个更著名的罗马人。一个仍然年轻的尤利乌斯·凯撒在苏拉的禁锢中幸存了下来。普卢塔克解释说，尽管受到直接挑衅，包括未能按照苏拉的要求行事，但苏拉忽视了他。[见普鲁塔克的《凯撒》]

在苏拉做出他认为罗马政府有必要的改变，使之与旧价值观保持一致后，苏拉于公元前79年辞职，一年后去世。

交替拼写：Sylla

来源

• 普鲁塔克。《普鲁塔克的苏拉生活》，德莱顿译本