The tar archiving format is, in computing years, a veritable Methuselah yet it is still in heavy use today. What makes the tar format so useful long after its inception?
今天的問答環節是由SuperUser提供的,SuperUser是Stack Exchange的一個分支,是一個由社群驅動的問答網站分組。
超級使用者讀者MarcusJ對tar格式很好奇,為什麼這麼多年後我們還在使用它:
I know that tar was made for tape archives back in the day, but today we have archive file formats that both aggregate files and perform compression within the same logical file format.
Questi***:
這是一個非常合理的問題;在過去的三十年裡,計算機世界發生了很大的變化,但我們仍然使用tar格式。怎麼回事?
超級使用者貢獻者Allquixotic對tar格式的壽命和功能提供了一些見解:
Part 1: Performance
Here is a comparison of two separate workflows and what they do.
You have a file on disk blah.tar.gz which is, say, 1 GB of gzip-compressed data which, when uncompressed, occupies 2 GB (so a compression ratio of 50%).
The way that you would create this, if you were to do archiving and compression separately, would be:
tar cf blah.tar files ...This would result in blah.tar which is a mere aggregation of the files ... in uncompressed form.
Then you would do
gzip blah.tarThis would read the contents of blah.tar from disk, compress them through the gzip compression algorithm, write the contents to blah.tar.gz, then unlink (delete) the file blah.tar.
Now, let’s decompress!
Way 1
You have blah.tar.gz, one way or another.
You decide to run:
gunzip blah.tar.gzThis will
Now, you have blah.tar on disk, which is uncompressed but contains one or more files within it, with very low data structure overhead. The file size is probably a couple bytes larger than the sum of all the file data would be.
You run:
tar xvf blah.tarThis will
The total data we READ from disk in this process was 1GB (for gunzip) + 2GB (for tar) = 3GB.
The total data we WROTE to disk in this process was 2GB (for gunzip) + 2GB (for tar) + a few bytes for metadata = about 4GB.
Way 2
You have blah.tar.gz, one way or another.
You decide to run:
tar xvzf blah.tar.gzThis will
The total data we READ from disk in this process was 1GB of compressed data, period.
The total data we WROTE to disk in this process was 2GB of uncompressed data + a few bytes for metadata = about 2GB.
If you notice, the amount of disk I/O in Way 2 is identical to the disk I/O performed by, say, the Zip or7-Zip programs, adjusting for any differences in compression ratio.
And if compression ratio is your concern, use the Xz compressor to encapsulate tar, and you have LZMA2’ed TAR archive, which is just as efficient as the most advanced algorithm available to 7-Zip :-)
Part 2: Features
tar stores UNIX permissi*** within its file metadata, and is very well known and tested for successfully packing up a directory with all kinds of different permissi***, symbolic links, etc. There’s more than a few instances where one might need to glob a bunch of files into a single file or stream, but not necessarily compress it (although compression is useful and often used).
Part 3: Compatibility
Many tools are distributed in source or binary form as .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 because it is a “lowest common denominator” file format: much like most Windows users have access to .zip or .rar decompressors, most Linux installati***, even the most basic, will have access to at least tar and gunzip, no matter how old or pared down. Even Android firmwares have access to these tools.
New projects targeting audiences running modern distributi*** may very well distribute in a more modern format, such as .tar.xz (using the Xz (LZMA) compression format, which compresses better than gzip or bzip2), or .7z, which is similar to the Zip or Rar file formats in that it both compresses and specifies a layout for encapsulating multiple files into a single file.
You don’t see .7z used more often for the same reason that music isn’t sold from online download stores in brand new formats like Opus, or video in WebM. Compatibility with people running ancient or very basic systems.
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