facebook聘请了一名新的公设辩护人，他应该从whatsapp开始

今天，三个较短的项目将带我们进入周末。...

今天，三个较短的项目将带我们进入周末。

首先，Facebook聘请了一位新的全球政策和沟通主管，接替埃利奥特·施拉格（Elliot Schrage）。这是尼克·克莱格，英国前副首相。克莱格是前欧盟委员会贸易谈判代表，他在惩罚科技公司的反竞争行为中发挥了作用——最著名的是谷歌，谷歌因涉及安卓系统的问题而被罚款50亿美元。由于Facebook目前在一系列问题上受到欧洲监管机构的关注，克莱格带来了该公司此前缺乏的视角和影响力。

英国人有一个令人自豪的传统，那就是厌恶他们选出的领导人，他们在周五早上热切地谈论克莱格，其中很多都很有趣，只要你对英国政治有一个扎实的了解(了解克莱格领导的自由民主党支持率崩溃，以及该党放弃了反对学生学费上涨的承诺，这有助于了解情况。《卫报》在其关于接受新工作的专栏文章中嵌入了一个有用的迷你档案。）

克莱格曾是一名记者，中间派，与施拉格不同，他在推特上拥有大量追随者。他是Facebook所需要的角色吗？一个全球政策和沟通主管需要擅长两件事：了解人和争论。按照这个标准，克莱格似乎符合要求。无论如何，他应该得到一次机会。他在《卫报》上说：

I remain a stubborn optimist about the progressive potential to society of technological innovation. It can transform how we work, play and build relati***hips. It can help to protect our environment and keep our streets safe. It will fundamentally change how we teach our children at school and at home. It is transforming healthcare and transport. If the tech industry can work sensibly with governments, regulators, parliaments and civic society around the world, I believe we can enhance the benefits of technology while diminishing the often unintended downsides.

当然，管理这些意外的不利因素很可能代表了克莱格在Facebook的大部分时间。他会把工作做好的。

第二，WhatsApp的新总裁首次就一个重要问题发表公开评论。克里斯·丹尼尔斯（Chris Daniels）在5月份Facebook的大组织结构图改组期间接手了这一消息传递应用程序。他周四在公司博客上发表文章，解释Facebook如何努力防止WhatsApp在巴西被滥用(这也是我昨天专栏的主题；丹尼尔斯的便条到记者发稿时还没有贴出来。）

任何希望更好地理解丹尼尔斯产品理念的人都会对他毫无魅力且明显具有防御性的博文感到失望，这篇博文包括2018年10月Facebook谈话要点的完整补充：错误信息并非始于我们；大多数人不使用WhatsApp传播错误信息；一个全球性的平台将不可避免地兼有好的一面和坏的一面。他还接受了Facebook的不幸倾向，即以百分比来谈论世界范围的问题。

Today, over 90 percent of messages sent on WhatsApp in Brazil are individual, one-on-one conversati***. The majority of groups are about just six people — a conversation so private and personal that it would fit in your living room.

（你可以阻止90%以上的小行星撞上你的星球，但仍然有一个重大问题在你手上。）

Daniels的帖子中没有任何一处提到他广受欢迎的应用程序以其强大的加密和病毒共享机制的结合为巴西带来了一些新的和极其困难的问题(一位极右翼、反民主的气候变化怀疑论者在其支持者资助WhatsApp上的假新闻活动后，现在准备获胜。）相反，丹尼尔斯列出了该公司为降低危害程度而采取的六个步骤，然后说“我们所有人都将采取行动”来解决问题。

与此同时，丹尼尔斯是否理解问题所在还不清楚。他给人的印象是一位殖民地总督告诉焦躁不安的公众，皇室正在认真对待他们的担忧。巴西理应得到更好的结果。WhatsApp也是。

第三，媒体就Facebook是否有意误导他们，让他们了解人们对观看视频的兴趣程度展开了为期一周的争论，促使出版商解雇了他们的编剧，最终导致记者和新闻工作者陷入“转向视频”的困境。spark是我在本周早些时候在这里提到的一场诉讼，广告商在诉讼中表示，Facebook在2016年承认的一个指标报告错误在公司内部已经众所周知了一年。

争论的焦点是Facebook如何报道视频浏览量。下面是Suzana Vranica的简要说明：

For two years, Facebook had counted only video views that lasted more than three seconds when calculating its “average duration of video viewed” metric. Video views of under three seconds weren’t factored in, thereby inflating the average length of a view.

Facebook replaced the metric with “average watch time,” which reflects video views of any duration.

这一指标可能被夸大了。但作为出版商以错误的借口转向视频的理论的关键，它是相当脆弱的。正如劳拉·哈扎德·欧文（Laura Hazard Owen）所指出的，更重要的是Facebook谈论视频的方式，马克·扎克伯格（Mark Zuckerberg）本人预测视频将很快成为平台上的主要交流形式。

大部分对话的结论是，人们不想看以新闻为导向的视频。这段对话往往忽略了YouTube的存在，人们确实在YouTube上观看了大量以新闻为导向的视频(请允许我向您推荐Vox频道，该频道拥有11亿的浏览量和一个成功的Netflix节目，或者说是Verge Science，它在不到一年的时间里就吸引了50多万用户。）

2016年，传统出版商仍难以破解YouTube。但他们愿意在Facebook上发一份传单，因为每天有超过10亿人在看传单，而Facebook已经把视频上的旋钮一直调高了。重要的是，一些出版商似乎在视频战略方面取得了成功：

In September, Tasty’s main Facebook page was the third-biggest video account on Facebook with nearly 1.7 billion video views, according to Tubular Labs. Viewership per video is also staggering: During the last three months, Tasty’s Facebook videos have averaged 22.8 million video views in the first 30 days alone. That’s better than BuzzFeed’s main Facebook page and the separate BuzzFeed Food account, which averaged 4.7 million views and 1.1 million views per video in the same timeframe.

Overall, Tasty now accounts for 37 percent of BuzzFeed’s video views, according to Tubular. This is all the more remarkable c***idering BuzzFeed started Tasty just in July 2015.

Facebook视频有三个问题。首先，Facebook从来没有想出一个让出版商从中赚钱的好方法。出版商认为，某种形式的前、中、后滚动广告会为他们的投资带来回报，但事实并非如此。第二，Facebook存在产品问题。新闻提要旨在快速、近乎无意识地滚动；视频是为意图，倾斜观看。一些格式，最著名的是Tasty，在新闻提要中蓬勃发展。但大多数人都死了——这就是为什么Facebook现在把视频转移到它的“观看”选项卡上，而即使在那里，也没有什么真正的突破。

最后，在2016年大选之后，Facebook逐渐减少了订阅源中出版商内容的数量，希望看到更多的朋友和家人会阻止我们分享病毒式模因和破坏民主。视频在Facebook的未来仍将扮演重要角色，但它看起来更像你在Instagram故事中看到的视频，而不像那些在B-roll上贴上文字标题的方形视频。

在那里的某个地方有一个对Facebook的有效批评。但对我来说，很多愤怒都是错的。如果Facebook能更好地预测未来，记者们会从中受益。但出版商本可以更好地预测未来。

民主

司法部指控俄罗斯人干涉中期选举

这是我们第一个真正的证据，表明俄罗斯正在积极干预我们目前在美国举行的中期选举。亚当·戈德曼报道：

Russians working for a close ally of President Vladimir V. Putin engaged in an elaborate campaign of “information warfare” to interfere with the midterm electi***, federal prosecutors said on Friday in unsealing a criminal complaint against one of them.

The woman, Elena Alekseevna Khusyaynova, 44, of St. Peter**urg, was involved in an effort “to spread distrust toward candidates for U.S. political office and the U.S. political system,” prosecutors said.

麦凯恩是个“极客”，瑞安是个“绝对无名小卒”：俄罗斯在Facebook宣传中听起来像美国人的剧本

Craig Timberg、Tony Romm和Brian Fung审查了俄罗斯美国中期选举活动中的宣传，该活动来自上述未公开的刑事指控。

The late Sen. John McCain was “an old geezer.” House Speaker Paul Ryan is “a complete and absolute nobody.” And the investigation into possible collusion between President Trump’s campaign and Russia is a “witch hunt” led by “an establishment puppet.”

Name the subject, and Russian disinformation operatives had a playbook on how to pass themselves off as politically active Americans as they secretly sought to manipulate U.S. voters online – on both the right and the left – with incendiary phrases, glib putdowns and appeals to pre-existing political biases. And the same tactics honed during the 2016 presidential election carried over into the runup toward the 2018 midterm congressional vote.

巴西大选前WhatsApp上虚假信息蔓延

迈克·艾萨克（Mike Isaac）和凯文·鲁斯（Kevin Roose）在选举前调查了巴西的虚假信息状况：

“People entered this election with a sense of hyperpolarization,” said Roberta Braga, an associate director at the Adrienne Arsht Latin America Center at the Atlantic Council, a Washington-based foreign policy think tank. “There is a lot of distrust in politics and politicians and political establishments in general.”

“**的克里斯”和“两面派的塔米”：候选人尽力给特朗普留下最好的印象

凯文·鲁斯报道，特朗普式的点名现在是许多州和地方选举的一个特点。

新的研究表明Facebook在对抗虚假新闻方面取得了长足的进步

Tessa Ly***引用了一项新的研究表明，Facebook上分享的虚假新闻数量下降了50%以上：

First, Alcott, Gentzkow and Yu published a study on misinformation on Facebook and Twitter (PDF). The researchers began by compiling a list of 570 sites that had been identified as false news sources in previous studies and online lists. They then measured the volume of Facebook engagements (shares, comments and reacti***) and Twitter shares for all stories from these 570 sites published between January 2015 and July 2018. The researchers found that on Facebook, interacti*** with these false news sites declined by more than half after the 2016 election, suggesting that “efforts by Facebook following the 2016 election to limit the diffusion of misinformation may have had a meaningful impact.”

Last week, a University of Michigan study on misinformation (PDF) had similar findings about the effectiveness of our work. The Michigan team compiled a list of sites that commonly share misinformation by looking at judgements made by two external organizati***, Media Bias/Fact Check and Open Sources.

独家报道：推特摧毁了推送亲沙特记者言论的机器人网络

推特周四暂停了一个可疑推特机器人网络，该网络推动了亲沙特阿拉伯人士对记者贾马尔·哈肖吉（Jamal Khashoggi）在过去一周失踪的讨论。

哈肖吉的错误信息凸显了越来越多的虚假事实核查者

据报道，贾马尔·卡肖吉被谋杀几天后，到处都是错误信息，丹尼尔·芬克和亚历克西斯·曼扎利斯报道：

Saudi media outlets reported a c***piracy theory that Khashoggi’s fiancée is fake in an apparent effort to discredit Turkish and American intelligence. Reuters fell for a fake news story about the firing of a Saudi general c***ul. Some accounts are promoting a n***ensical video from a guy who wears a strainer on his head. And the Saudi government itself has threatened anyone who spreads “fake news” online with lengthy prison terms and heavy fines.

在别处

在Facebook关于“政治多样性”的激烈辩论中

伊西·拉波斯基（Issie Lapowsky）与最近离职的Facebook工程师布赖恩·阿梅里奇（Brian Amerige）进行了交谈，后者指责该公司“政治上的单一文化，不能容忍不同的观点”。但他对成为共和党抱怨“偏见”的招牌男孩持谨慎态度

“I have every confidence that they take these issues really, really seriously, and they’ve treated me with a lot of respect,” Amerige says. “They’re pretty intimately involved.”

Last week, Amerige left Facebook over disagreements about the company’s platform-wide hate speech policy, which he describes as “dangerous and impractical” for a platform that promotes openness. But he had spent the two months before that working closely with Facebook’s human resources team on ways to foster what he calls “political diversity.” One initiative Amerige says they discussed was an updated employee speech policy that would draw a distinction between attacking people’s ideas (which would be permitted) and attacking their character (which would be prohibited). He’s unsure whether Facebook plans to implement the ideas.

谷歌工程师拒绝为中国编写经过审查的产品代码

谈到离职员工，PRI的《世界》与前谷歌员工维杰·博亚帕蒂（Vijay Boyapati）进行了对话，后者于2007年因公司决定进入中国市场而辞职。

When I was there, I thought it was morally wrong for two reas***: One was that there had been no internal debate about it in terms of Google News — the product I’d worked on. And so I wanted to bring that up because I thought it was the wrong move for Google. If a journalist does have the courage to write about something controversial and Google was asked to censor them. And as someone who’d worked on the product, you’d have the knowledge that someone’s voice had been silenced by something that you built. And that makes me deeply uncomfortable.

寻找假消息

Facebook正在发布一系列新的博客文章，描述他们是如何发现虚假新闻并认定其为虚假的。在第一集中，学习一个沙特阿拉伯男人是否真的朝一个女人的脸上吐痰。

我爱上了Facebook上的假新闻。这就是为什么你们数百万人也这么做。

说到假新闻，杰弗里·福勒（Geoffrey Fowler）被一段视频所骗，视频显示一架商用飞机在着陆过程中出现了滚桶：

The photoreali** of Tsirbas’s clip played a big role in making the fake story go viral. And that makes it typical: Misinformation featuring manipulated photos and videos is among the most likely to go viral, Facebook’s Ly*** said. Sometimes, like in this case, it employs shots from real news reports to make it seem just credible enough. “The really crazy things tend to get less distribution than the things that hit the sweet spot where they could be believable,” Ly*** said.

Even after decades of Photoshop and CG films, most of us are still not very good about challenging the authenticity of images — or telling the real from the fake. That includes me: In an online test made by software maker Autodesk called Fake or Foto, I correctly identified the authenticity of just 22 percent of their images. (You can test yourself here.)

发射

YouTube推出桌面浏览器迷你播放器

YouTube终于为浏览器用户推出了迷你播放器。移动应用已经使用了相当长的一段时间。这将允许用户在浏览新内容的同时继续观看视频。

YouTube调整了视频嵌入，加入了easy channel subscribe按钮

YouTube更新的大日子！除了上面的一张，还有这张，也就是它在tin上所说的，你现在还可以从音乐视频页面购买Eventbrite上的音乐会门票。

拿

大卫·西蒙与戈德温定律的创造者谈论他的推特暂停。

《连线》的创作者与《法律》的创作者交谈说，随着在线保护的持续时间延长，最终将其与希特勒进行比较的可能性接近1。西蒙在他的宠物问题上大加抨击，这就是他应该可以随意称呼纳粹：

The last thing that Twitter should be doing is policing decorum, or trying to leech hostility from the platform. Why? Because the appropriate resp***e to overt raci**, to anti-Semiti**, to libel, to organized disinformation campaigns is not to politely reason with such in long threads of fact-sharing. All that does is lend a fundamental credence to the worst kind of speech—which, grievously, seems to be the paradigm that Twitter prefers at present. It’s a paradigm that offers two basic choices: Ignore the deplorati—which allows the dishonesty or cruelty to stand in public view and acquire the veneer of credibility by doing so. Or worse, engage in some measure of serious disputation with all manner of horseshit, which also grants trash the veneer of credibility.

In 1935, the reply to Streicher or Goebbels quoting The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and asserting that Jews drink the blood of baptized Christian babies is not to begin arguing that “no, Jews do not drink Christian baby blood” and deliver a long explanation of The Protocols as a czarist forgery in chapter and verse. The correct resp***e is to call Julius Streicher a submoronic piece of shit, marking him as such for the rest of the sentient, and move on to some more meaningful exchange of ideas. So it is with Twitter.