科林斯是古希腊城邦（城邦）和附近地峡的名字，它的名字来源于一系列泛希腊游戏、一场战争和一种建筑风格。在荷马的作品中，你可能会发现科林斯被称为伊弗尔。

希腊中部的科林斯

它被称为“地峡”，意味着它是一个陆地的颈部，但科林斯地峡更像是一个希腊的腰部，将希腊大陆的上部和伯罗奔尼撒半岛的下部分隔开来。科林斯市是一个富饶、重要、国际化的商业区，有一个港口允许与亚洲进行贸易，另一个港口通向意大利。从公元前6世纪开始，迪奥科斯河（Diokos）是一条宽达6米的铺砌道路，设计用于快速通道，从西面的科林斯湾通往东面的萨罗尼克湾。

" Corinth is called 'wealthy' because of its commerce, since it is situated on the Isthmus and is master of two harbours, of which the one leads straight to Asia, and the other to Italy; and it makes easy the exchange of merchandise from both countries that are so far distant from each other." Strabo Geography 8.6

从大陆到伯罗奔尼撒的通道

从阿提卡到伯罗奔尼撒的陆路经过科林斯。从雅典出发的陆路沿线有一段9公里长的岩石（斯泰罗尼亚岩石），这段岩石非常危险，尤其是当土匪利用了这片土地时，但从比雷埃夫斯出发还有一条海路经过萨拉米斯。

希腊神话中的科林斯

根据希腊神话，西西弗斯是希腊英雄贝勒罗芬的祖父，他骑着飞马帕伽索斯建立了科林斯。（这可能是巴基亚科诗人尤梅洛斯（Eumelos）编造的故事。）这使得这座城市不是像赫拉克利德（Heracleidae）建立的伯罗奔尼撒（Pelopennese）那样的多利安城市之一，而是埃奥利安（Aeolian）。然而，科林斯人声称是阿列特人的后裔，阿列特人是多利安入侵时期赫拉克勒斯的后裔。帕萨尼亚斯解释说，当赫拉克利德入侵伯罗奔尼撒时，科林斯由西西弗斯（Sisyphus）的后裔多伊达斯（Doeidas）和海恩西达斯（Hyanthidas）统治，他们退位支持阿列特（Aletes），阿列特家族将王位保持了五代，直到第一个巴克基亚家族（Bacchis）获得控制

忒修斯、西尼斯和西西弗斯是与科林斯有关的神话中的名字，正如公元二世纪地理学家波萨尼亚斯所说：

" [2.1.3] In the Corinthian territory is also the place called Cromyon from Cromus the son of Poseidon. Here they say that Phaea was bred; overcoming this sow was one of the traditional achievements of Theseus. Farther on the pine still grew by the shore at the time of my visit, and there was an altar of Melicertes. At this place, they say, the boy was brought ashore by a dolphin; Sisyphus found him lying and gave him burial on the Isthmus, establishing the Isthmian games in his honor." ... "[2.1.4] At the beginning of the Isthmus is the place where the brigand Sinis used to take hold of pine trees and draw them down. All those whom he overcame in fight he used to tie to the trees, and then allow them to swing up again. Thereupon each of the pines used to drag to itself the bound man, and as the bond gave way in neither direction but was stretched equally in both, he was torn in two. This was the way in which Sinis himself was slain by Theseus." Pausanias Description of Greece, translated by W.H.S. Jones; 1918

史前传奇人物科林斯

考古发现表明科林斯人居住在新石器时代和早期希腊时期。澳大利亚古典学家和考古学家托马斯·詹姆斯·邓巴宾（Thomas James Dunbabin，1911-1955）说，科林斯（Corinth）这个名字中的努西塔（nu-theta，第n个）表明它是希腊语之前的名字。保存最古老的建筑现存于公元前6世纪。它是一座神庙，可能是阿波罗神庙。最早的统治者的名字是Bakkhis，他可能在九世纪统治。塞普塞卢斯推翻了巴克吉斯的继任者巴基亚王朝，约公元前657年，此后佩里安德成为暴君。人们认为他创造了迪奥科斯。在c。585年，一个80人的寡头委员会取代了最后一个暴君。科林斯殖民锡拉丘兹和科西拉的同时，它摆脱了自己的国王。

" And the Bacchiadae, a rich and numerous and illustrious family, became tyrants of Corinth, and held their empire for nearly two hundred years, and without disturbance reaped the fruits of the commerce; and when Cypselus overthrew these, he himself became tyrant, and his house endured for three generations...." ibid.

波萨尼亚斯对科林斯历史上这个早期的、令人困惑的、传奇的时期作了另一个描述：

" [2.4.4] Aletes himself and his descendants reigned for five generations to Bacchis, the son of Prumnis, and, named after him, the Bacchidae reigned for five more generations to Telestes, the son of Aristodemus. Telestes was killed in hate by Arieus and Perantas, and there were no more kings, but Prytanes (Presidents) taken from the Bacchidae and ruling for one year, until Cypselus, the son of Eetion, became tyrant and expelled the Bacchidae.11 Cypselus was a descendant of Melas, the son of Antasus. Melas from Gonussa above Sicyon joined the Dorians in the expedition against Corinth. When the god expressed disapproval Aletes at first ordered Melas to withdraw to other Greeks, but afterwards, mistaking the oracle, he received him as a settler. Such I found to be the history of the Corinthian kings." Pausanias, op.cit.

古典科林斯

六世纪中旬，科林斯与斯巴达人结成联盟，但后来反对斯巴达国王克雷蒙斯在Athens的政治干预。正是科林斯对梅加拉的侵略行动导致了伯罗奔尼撒战争。尽管雅典和科林斯在这场战争中意见相左，但在科林斯战争（公元前395-386年）时，科林斯已经加入了阿戈斯、博奥提亚和雅典对抗斯巴达。

希腊和罗马时代的科林斯

希腊人在查罗内亚输给马其顿的菲利普后，希腊人签署了菲利普坚持的条款，以便他能够将注意力转向波斯。他们宣誓不推翻菲利普或他的继任者，或彼此，以换取地方自治，并加入了一个联邦，我们今天称之为科林斯联盟。科林斯同盟的成员根据城市的大小负责征收军队（供菲利普使用）。

第二次马其顿战争期间，罗马人围困了科林斯，但这座城市一直掌握在马其顿人手中，直到罗马击败马其顿人后，罗马人宣布科林斯独立，成为阿契亚邦联的一部分。罗马在科林斯的山顶保留了一支卫戍部队，科林斯是这座城市的高地和城堡。

科林斯没有以它所要求的尊重对待罗马。斯特拉博描述了科林斯如何激怒罗马：

" The Corinthians, when they were subject to Philip, not only sided with him in his quarrel with the Romans, but individually behaved so contemptuously towards the Romans that certain persons ventured to pour down filth upon the Roman ambassadors when passing by their house. For this and other offences, however, they soon paid the penalty, for a considerable army was sent thither...."

公元前146年，罗马领事卢修斯·马米修斯（Lucius Mummius）摧毁了科林斯，洗劫了它，杀死了男人，卖掉了孩子和女人，烧毁了剩下的东西。

" [2.1.2] Corinth is no longer inhabited by any of the old Corinthians, but by colonists sent out by the Romans. This change is due to the Achaean League. The Corinthians, being members of it, joined in the war against the Romans, which Critolaus, when appointed general of the Achaeans, brought about by persuading to revolt both the Achaeans and the majority of the Greeks outside the Peloponnesus. When the Romans won the war, they carried out a general disarmament of the Greeks and dismantled the walls of such cities as were fortified. Corinth was laid waste by Mummius, who at that time commanded the Romans in the field, and it is said that it was afterwards refounded by Caesar, who was the author of the present constitution of Rome. Carthage, too, they say, was refounded in his reign." Pausanias; op. cit.

在《新约》的圣保罗时代（哥林多前书的作者），哥林多是一个繁荣的罗马城镇，在公元前44年被朱利叶斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）建立为殖民地。罗马以罗马的方式重建了这座城市，并在那里定居下来，大部分是自由民，他们在两代人的时间内变得繁荣起来。公元70年代早期，维斯帕西安皇帝在科林斯殖民地建立了第二个罗马殖民地。它有一个圆形剧场、一个马戏团和其他特色建筑和纪念碑。罗马征服后，科林斯的官方语言是拉丁语，直到哈德良皇帝时期才成为希腊语。

科林斯位于地峡附近，负责举办地峡运动会，该运动会的重要性仅次于奥运会，每两年在春季举行一次。

也称为：Ephyra（旧名）

示例：

科林斯高地或城堡被称为阿克罗科林斯。

修昔底德1.13说科林斯是第一个建造战舰的希腊城市：

" The Corinthians are said to have been the first that changed the form of shipping into the nearest to that which is now in use, and at Corinth are reported to have been made the first galleys of all Greece."

来源

• “科林斯”牛津古典世界词典。约翰·罗伯茨。牛津大学出版社，2007年。
• 大卫·吉尔曼·罗马诺的《科林斯的罗马马戏团》；Hesperia：《雅典美国古典学院学报》第74卷，第4期（2005年10月至12月），第585-611页。
• “希腊外交传统与马其顿菲利普科林斯联盟”，S.帕尔曼著；《历史》第二卷，1985年，第153-174页。
• “圣保罗所见的科林斯”，杰罗姆·墨菲·奥康纳；《圣经考古学家》第47卷，第3期（1984年9月），第147-159页。
• “科林斯的早期历史”，T.J.邓巴宾；《希腊研究杂志》第68卷（1948年），第59-69页。
• 约翰·安东尼·克莱默对古希腊的地理和历史描述
• “科林斯（科林托斯）。《牛津古典文学伴侣》（第3版），M.C.霍瓦森编辑
• “科林斯：晚期罗马地平线摩尔”，盖伊·桑德斯著，摘自赫斯佩里亚74（2005），第243-297页。