主要机构在促进极端主义方面发挥什么作用？本周已经过去两天了，我们已经对这个问题进行了两次重要的研究。

周一，我告诉你danah boyd的一篇报道，关于媒体在放大Alex Jones等“数字烈士”方面的作用(我昨天在时事通讯上贴错了链接-来吧，牛顿因此，如果你还没有读过，那就开始吧。）

今天，丽贝卡·刘易斯（Rebecca Lewis）发布了一份关于另一种放大效应的报告：保守派YouTube人物组成的紧密联系的网络，他们在视频中合作，宣扬极端主义意识形态(顺便说一句，这两份报告都来自纽约的非营利组织数据与社会。）

刘易斯开始了解YouTube是如何成为极右内容的繁荣中心的。从几位著名的保守人士开始，她开始追踪他们在其他频道的露面。当另一个人出现在其中一个频道时，她也开始在YouTube上绘制此人的路线图。最终，她观看了来自80多个频道65位影响者的数百小时视频。

在绘制网络图之后，刘易斯得出了三个发现。

• 这些有影响力的人通过强调他们的可靠性、“真实性”和粉丝的可及性，建立了一个另类媒体网络。他们把自己描绘成社会的失败者、被遗弃者和受害者，这给了他们一种反文化的精神气质，可以吸引年轻观众。
• 这些影响者通过“意识形态证明”等策略有效地提升了自己，在这些策略中，他们讲述了自己从任性的左派转变为思维右倾的保守派；搜索引擎优化，他们使用更中性、更自由的视频中常见的关键词来吸引观众；还有“战略争议”，也就是说特技。
• 这些影响者鼓励人们随着时间的推移采取更激进的观点，首先鼓励他们拒绝所有非意识形态媒体，然后将其介绍给提供另类世界观的极端主义人物。

刘易斯指出，她不是第一个在YouTube上研究激进主义的学者；她引用了Zeynep Tufekci的《****》文章和YouTube前雇员Guillaume Chaslot在这方面的工作。她与前任的不同之处在于，她摆脱了现在的标准批评，即YouTube的核心问题本质上是技术问题。之前的工作主要关注推荐算法将观众推向极端内容的速度；刘易斯说问题在于内容本身。她写道：

While these articles identify a real problem, they treat radicalization as a fundamentally technical problem. What the section below showcases is that radicalization on YouTube is also a fundamentally social problem. Thus, even if YouTube altered or fully removed its content recommendation algorithms, the AIN would still provide a pathway for radicalization.

刘易斯提出的解决方案是，YouTube应该制定严格的基于价值观的行为准则，积极监控影响者视频的内容，并相应地惩罚违规者：

There is an undercurrent to this report that is worth making explicit: in many ways, YouTube is built to incentivize the behavior of these political influencers. YouTube monetizes influence for everyone, regardless of how harmful their belief systems are.The platform, and its parent company, have allowed racist, misogynist, and harassing content to remain online – and in many cases, to generate advertising revenue – as long as it does not explicitly include slurs. YouTube also profits directly from features like Super Chat which often incentivizes “shocking” content. In other words, the type of content and engagement created by the AIN fits neatly into YouTube’s business model.

The website similarly seeks policies that offer it protection for hosting user-generated content while simultaneously facing minimal liability for what those users say. This report has shown how these attempts at objectivity are being exploited by users who fundamentally reject objectivity as a valid stance. As a result, platforms like YouTube have an imperative to govern content and behavior for explicit values, such as the rejection of content that promotes white supremacy, regardless of whether it includes slurs.

假设YouTube会立即拒绝这一观点似乎是公平的(批评将从“它不可扩展”开始，并从那里开始。）但与此同时，YouTube肯定可以采取更小的措施。刘易斯注意到一位保守派煽动者因吸引了100万订阅者而获得奖牌的喜悦；当然，她写道，该公司可以选择对那些反对平等或以骚扰他人为目标的人扣留奖杯。

与此同时，我希望YouTube员工至少会阅读这份报告，如果只是为了了解一些最有影响力的用户是如何利用其病毒机制来宣传白人至上和其他有害观点的话。

民主

波兰的两极分化：来自欧洲的警告

如果你像我一样，花了很多时间环顾美国，想知道到底发生了什么，你会想读安妮·阿普勒鲍姆（Anne Applebaum）的长篇散文《反自由国家》是如何在她居住的波兰和匈牙利取得类似进展的。这篇文章的总体效果是提醒你，世界各地的人基本上都是一样的，而且都以威胁民主的方式存在。她得出结论：

In truth, the argument about who gets to rule is never over, particularly in an era when people have rejected aristocracy, and no longer believe that leadership is inherited at birth or that the ruling class is endorsed by God. Some of us, in Europe and North America, have settled on the idea that various forms of democratic and economic competition are the fairest alternative to inherited or ordained power.

But we should not have been surprised—I should not have been surprised—when the principles of meritocracy and competition were challenged. Democracy and free markets can produce unsatisfying outcomes, after all, especially when badly regulated, or when nobody trusts the regulators, or when people are entering the contest from very different starting points. Sooner or later, the losers of the competition were always going to challenge the value of the competition itself.

贝塔斯曼将把Facebook版主部门与竞争对手合并

Sara Germano报道称，由于新闻中充斥着适度，贝塔斯曼已同意将其为Facebook和其他公司提供内容适度服务的部分业务与竞争对手合并：

Bertel**ann’s Arvato customer relati*** management division runs moderation centers in Germany and elsewhere, where workers pore over content on Facebook that has been flagged as objectionable. The task has taken on a higher profile as governments increasingly demand moderation of online content.

But the unit hasn’t been growing as quickly as Bertel**ann had hoped, and the company said in January it was c***idering opti*** for the business. On Tuesday, it announced a merger between the unit and the customer relati*** business of Morocco-based Saham Group to form a new company in which both firms will retain a 50% stake.

Instagram将使用广告帮助用户注册投票

现在，社交网络有助于民主。据Chaim Gartenberg报道，Instagram将在用户的订阅源和带有链接的故事中投放广告，帮助用户注册投票。

To provide accurate voting information, Instagram is partnering with TurboVote, which promises “up-to-date information on how to register, how to update their registration, how to look up their state’s voting rules and more.”

Additionally, Instagram is planning to offer “I Voted” story stickers on Election Day. In addition to letting you brag to all your friends about how good you are at doing your civic duty, it will also link to Get to the Polls to help others find their polling location.

马克·扎克伯格关于我们为什么应该支持梦想者

连线25岁生日快乐，连线并与科技界的杰出人士讨论了他们所说的杰出人士会同意为之腾出时间的事情。马克·扎克伯格选择谈论移民问题。老实说，照片说明比我们从扎克伯格那里听说的移民问题更有趣：

“During the photo shoot, Mark’s dog, Beast, stayed by photographer Michelle Groskopf’s side the entire time … until she asked Mark to sit in a chair in his sunroom. At that point, Beast leapt across the room onto Mark’s lap. He responded with an ‘oof!’ and we all laughed.”

在别处

美国公民自由联盟说，Facebook允许**看不到的歧视性招聘广告——边缘

美国公民自由联盟（ACLU）和美国通讯工作者（Communication Workers of America）针对Facebook提起了一场新的重大诉讼，指控Facebook的广告平台导致了基于性别的歧视。我的同事Jake Kastrenakes：

The American Civil Liberties Union is filing charges against Facebook for allegedly running discriminatory job ads that appeared only to men, something that is illegal under the Civil Rights Act. The ACLU says that Facebook’s platform allowed 10 employers, including a software developer and a police department, to run ads that excluded women and non-binary users, and it says the social network should be held liable for creating the tools to offer these allegedly discriminatory ads.

The complaint is being filed with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, a federal agency that oversees charges of workplace discrimination. It’s filed on behalf of three women who say they were discriminated against, but the complaint also hopes to cover “milli***” of women who were excluded from seeing job ads by Facebook and various employers.

Facebook和金融公司多年来一直在争夺用户数据的访问权

我读到的这篇文章基本上是Facebook想要访问金融数据以用于构建聊天机器人，但最终没有人使用它。我认为没有比这更重要的了。

Facebook为定制AR芯片（美元）寻找工程师

Aaron Tilley和Sarah Kuranda报告说，Facebook希望构建自己的增强现实芯片，这可能会启动其不可避免的（可能已经在开发中）AR耳机：

It isn’t clear whether Facebook will eventually release its own AR headset using the custom chips it is developing. If such a product emerges, it could be years away from being released since Facebook Reality Labs—previously known as Oculus Research—is typically focused on long-term projects. Facebook is also investing in chip development for artificial intelligence and data center purposes, as Bloomberg has reported.

Instagram仍然可以开发一款新的购物应用程序——但以下是它如何在当前的应用程序中吸引窗口购物者

在Code Commerce的舞台上，Kurt Wagner问Instagram业务负责人Vishal Shah是否正在开发一款购物应用程序，正如我本月早些时候所报道的那样。他没有说不(答案是肯定的。）

为什么PayPal打击ASMR创作者会让你担心

一些人**视频，他们在视频中低声耳语，弄皱纸张，并为热情的观众发出其他微小的、**性的声音。在某种形式的性恐慌中，贝宝终身禁止这些创作者，紫罗兰蓝报道：

This past week, n***exual ASMR video creators Sharon DuBois (ASMR Glow), Scottish Murmurs, Creative Cal, and Rose ASMR have been permanently banned from PayPal and had their funds frozen for 180 days. Like with YouTube’s July censorship sweep, the women create videos of sound effects and have been expelled from the payment utility under alleged violati*** of the company’s sexual content policy prohibiti***. ASMR community websites are now warning all creators to avoid PayPal. Engadget reached out to PayPal regarding the banning of ASMR video creators, the 8chan sex-haras**ent campaign and how PayPal plans to protect users from this type of abuse — but we did not hear back before publication time.

一条病毒式推特盗取了恋物癖模特的照片，讲述了虚假的家庭虐待故事来销售瘦身茶

这里有一个很好的提醒，大部分错误信息仍然是出于财务动机(还有，就像，哇，这一切。）

Ashley’s thread went viral over the weekend, with more than 330,000 likes and 77,000 retweets. But none of these images are actually of her. They belong to a cam model who actually specializes in feederi**, according to the model’s blog, which Motherboard reviewed.

The “Ashley” account was suspended less than two hours after I contacted Twitter to ask whether this account violates the platform’s rules impersonation rules.

帕默·勒基才刚刚开始

Oculus联合创始人Palmer Luckey告诉Wired，他曾经试图建立，嗯，这个：

A bypass for my peripheral nervous system. Rather than waiting a few hundred milliseconds for a signal to travel from my brain to my extremities, I tried to capture it closer to the source and relay it electronically. If you could do this with all of your limbs, not just one finger or one arm, you could potentially have superhuman reflexes without doing a bunch of crazy work on, let’s say, exoskelet*** or predictive ****ytics.

Jack Dorsey论ProPublica的实验新闻

杰克·多尔西告诉劳伦·古德他有多喜欢ProPublica，它非常迷人(ProPublica太棒了。）

发射

推特很快就会让你在按时间顺序和排名的订阅源之间切换

周一晚些时候的一个惊喜是：Twitter正在研究一种方法，让你可以轻松地从排名反馈切换到非排名反馈。两者都有各自的用途——排名有助于迎头赶上；unranked对于生活在当下来说是非常棒的，所以我很高兴看到Twitter在应用程序中同时容纳了这两位一流的公民。

如果你在期中考试前看到虚假消息，我们希望听到你的消息

如果你在网上看到错误信息，决定向《****》报告，而不是向我报告，下面是方法(不过，请至少抄送我。）

HQ的琐事看起来扩展与HQ的话，一个新的命运之轮风格的游戏

总部将在10月份推出一款新游戏。还有：它有了一位新的CEO！此外，它还创造了超过1000万美元的广告收入，这让我印象深刻！也许在旧的病毒现象中还有生命存在。

YouTube正在向较小的创作者提供会员资格优惠

据Megan Farrokhmanesh报道，拥有50000多名订户的创作者可以向观众**每月4.99美元的会员费，以换取独家优惠。以前，该功能至少需要100000个SUB。

Pinterest发布API，让品牌发现并跟踪影响者

最后，一个API可以让你找到有影响力的人，并且——我们只能希望——制服他们。

iPhone XS评论：XS和XS Max是对获胜公式的可靠更新

你知道社交平台最常用于**吗？嗯，有两个新的！

拿

Infowarzel

Charlie Warzel对danah boyd报告进行了反思，并鼓励记者在报道极端分子时使用“防御性新闻”：

What I take from her is not that we journalists completely lost the plot (though we could do without being so sensitive!), but that there’s room for so much more sophistication in our work and what happens after we hit publish.

This notion reminds me a bit of defensive driving. Though the term ‘defensive journali**’ sounds ridiculous, I think this a helpful way to think of reporting in the era of the platforms and the information war. Like defensive driving, defensive journali** isn’t about aggression, it’s about staying vigilant and anticipating how others might ignoring or break the rules. It’s a heightened sense of awareness and skeptici** (that should be very familiar to journalists) that doesn’t just keep you safe, but everyone else on the road, too.

Twitter的新功能：智能账户

紧跟着推特时间线的新闻，Jason Kottke建议推特创建“智能账户”——你可以关注或不关注的个性化推特集合。因此，你可以使用一个智能账户，其中包括“来自朋友的喜好”，例如“趋势”或“流行线索”。我喜欢这个想法。

更新

媒体操纵、战略放大和负责任的新闻报道

如上所述，在一次难以置信的自我展示中，我错误地粘贴了到昨天主要项目的链接！难以置信的是，你们中只有一个人告诉我这件事。无论如何，谢谢罗杰·麦克纳米！你们其他人真的读过danah boyd的演讲。

Facebook表示，这篇关于菲律宾参议员行刑队的帖子并不违反其规定

In Friday’s newsletter I included an item about Facebook declining to remove a post that seemingly called for violence against a politician in the Philippines. A spokeswoman wrote me to say that it later decided to remove the post.

最后。。。

埃隆·马斯克招募Dogecoin创造者与加密货币骗子作战

说你是伊隆·马斯克。你这一周过得很糟糕，原因很多，包括可能对你的推特进行刑事调查。但你也有另一个推特问题，那就是人们冒充你的推特账户，试图欺骗人们购买加密货币。所以他联系了开玩笑的加密货币Dogecoin的创造者，想得到某种脚本……防止这种情况发生？以某种方式细节很少。但正如David Canellis所指出的：

The scambots are so prevalent that Twitter was forced to add a new rule: changing your name to Elon Musk will get you banned from the platform.

Ironically, just a few months ago, Musk joked about the prevalence of scambots on Twitter – and how impressed he is by the people behind them. It seems they no longer amuse him.

我想冒昧地说，埃隆·马斯克最近的经历中有许多事情不再让他开心了！

跟我说

向我发送提示、问题、评论、更正和激进化视频：[email protected].