在语言学和词典学中，超词是一个词，其含义包括其他词的含义。例如，flower是daisy和rose的缩写。形容词：上位词。

换句话说，超词（也称为上位词和超类型）是普通词；下义词（也称为从属词）是更一般的词的细分。每一个更具体的词（如daisy和rose）与更一般的词（flower）之间的语义关系称为下义或包含。

词源学

希腊语中的“额外”+“名称”

实例和意见

"[A] hypernym is a broad, superordinate label that applies to many members of a set, while the members themselves are the hyponyms. "Hyponymy is a hierarchical relationship, and it may consist of a number of levels. For example, dog is a hyponym of animal, but it is also the hypernym of poodle, alsatian, chihuahua, terrier, beagle and so on."

（Jan McAllister和James E.Miller，《言语和语言治疗实践入门语言学》，Wiley Blackwell，2013）

"A hypernym is a word with a general meaning that has basically the same meaning of a more specific word. For example, dog is a hypernym, while collie and chihuahua are more specific subordinate terms. The hypernym tends to be a basic-level category that is used by speakers with high frequency; speakers usually refer to collies and chihuahuas as dogs, rather than using the subordinate terms, which are consequently of relatively low frequency."

（劳里·贝思·费尔德曼，《语言处理的形态学方面》，劳伦斯·厄尔鲍姆，1995）

"The foot of footstep narrows down the type of step being expressed to the step made by a foot. A footstep is a kind of step; or, in more technical terms, footstep is a hyponym, or subtype, of step, and step is a hypernym, or supertype, of footstep. . . . Doorstep is also a hyponym of step, and step is a hypernym of doorstep."

（Keith M.Denning、Brett Kessler和William Ronald Leben，《英语词汇元素》，牛津大学出版社，2007年）

上下义词和内涵

"Hyponyms are more likely to carry strong connotations than hypernyms, though this is not an invariable rule. The word 'animal' can carry negative connotations in metaphors such as 'He behaved like an animal.' However, more specific connotations can be carried by the use of more specific words. 'He ate like a pig.' 'You rat!' 'She's a bitch.'"

（Maggie Bowring等人，《文本处理：语言分析核心导论》，Routledge，1997）

定义方法

"The most illuminating way of defining a lexeme is to provide a hypernym along with various distinguishing features—an approach to definition whose history can be traced back to Aristotle. For example, a majorette is 'a girl' (the hypernym) 'who twirls a baton and accompanies a marching band.' It is usually possible to trace a hierarchical path through a dictionary, following the hypernyms as they become increasingly abstract until we arrive at such general notions (essence, being, existence) that clear sense-relations between the lexemes no longer exist."

（David Crystal，《剑桥英语百科全书》，剑桥大学出版社，2003年）

交替拼写：hyperonym