术语咆哮词和咕噜声词是由S.I.Hayakawa（1906-1992）创造的，他在成为美国参议员之前是一位英语和一般语义学教授，用来描述高度含蓄的语言，通常可以代替严肃的思考和理性的论证。

争论与辩论

争论不是一场斗争——或者至少不应该是。从修辞角度讲，论点是一个旨在证明一个陈述是真是假的推理过程。

然而，在今天的媒体上，理性的论据似乎常常被散布恐慌和无事实依据的咆哮所取代。叫喊、哭泣和骂人已经取代了深思熟虑的辩论。

在《思想和行动中的语言》*（1941年首次出版，最后一次修订于1991年）一书中，S.I.Hayakawa指出，公众对有争议问题的讨论通常会退化为俚语比赛和大声喧哗——“符号前噪音”伪装成语言：

This error is especially common in the interpretation of utterances of orators and editorialists in some of their more excited denunciations of "leftists," "fascists," "Wall Street," right-wingers," and in their glowing support of "our way of life." Constantly, because of the impressive sound of the words, the elaborate structure of the sentences, and the appearance of intellectual progression, we get the feeling that something is being said about something. On closer examination, however, we discover that these utterances really say "What I hate ('liberals,' 'Wall Street'), I hate very, very much," and "What I like ('our way of life'), I like very, very much." We may call such utterances snarl-words and purr-words.

Hayakawa说，表达我们对某一主题的感受的冲动实际上可能“停止判断”，而不是促进任何有意义的辩论：

Such statements have less to do with reporting the outside world than they do with our inadvertently reporting the state of our internal world; they are the human equivalents of snarling and purring. . . . Issues like gun control, abortion, capital punishment, and elections often lead us to resort to the equivalent of snarl-words and purr-words. . . . To take sides on such issues phrased in such judgmental ways is to reduce communication to a level of stubborn imbecility.

Nick Russell在其著作《道德与媒体：加拿大新闻业中的道德》（UBC出版社，2006年）中提供了几个“加载”词的例子：

Compare "seal harvest" with "slaughter of seal pups"; "fetus" with "unborn child"; "management offers" versus "union demands"; "terrorist" versus "freedom fighter." No list could include all the "snarl" and "purr" words in the language; others that journalists encounter are "deny," "claim," "democracy," "breakthrough," "realistic," "exploited," "bureaucrat," "censor," "commercialism," and "regime." The words can set the mood.

无可争辩

我们如何超越这种低水平的情感对话？Hayakawa说，当我们听到人们使用咆哮和咕噜声时，我们会问一些与他们的陈述相关的问题：“在听了他们的观点和理由后，我们可能会让讨论变得比讨论开始前更明智、更明智，或许也不会那么片面。”*思想和行动中的语言，第五版，由S.I.Hayakawa和Alan R.Hayakawa编写（收获，1991年）