世界与全球经济的联系是由许多因素和各种原因造成的。全球化一词通常用于讨论这种连通性。在全球经济中,各国将其他经济体的特点融入本国经济,并在经济增长中日益相互依赖。
全球经济始于19世纪,当时人类开始使用矿物资源而不是植物作为能源和原材料的主要来源。1800年以前,植物和动物是食物、劳动力、燃料和纤维的主要来源。由于能源的使用是由一次可以增长多少来定义的,因此它极大地限制了生产和能源流动。
一旦矿产资源开始被使用,这些能源限制就被取消了。从地球本身可以提取的量似乎是无限的。这种能源效率更高,并有足够的空间扩展到新技术。起初,它使用起来也比较便宜。这似乎是一个完全积极的变化,因为以前用于制造能源的土地现在可以用来生产粮食,而更便宜的化石燃料降低了制造和运输成本。
没有使用这项新技术的国家立即大大落后于使用这项新技术的国家。到20世纪初,据报道控制世界经济2/3的主要国家是英国、美国、德国和法国。经济优势较弱的国家与这些实力较强的国家进行贸易,以获得一些流动性松散的资本。矿物和化石燃料的贸易,以及交通和通讯的便利,开始以前所未有的方式连接世界。自然资源匮乏的强国依赖于经济规模较小的国家来提供最初使它们强大的物质。
20世纪末,随着互联网的出现、贸易壁垒的减少以及资本投资的增加,全球经济得到了扩展。各国之间进行债务交易,既有政府层面的,也有银行和金融机构等个体企业。互联网还使外国证券交易所的交易更加方便。
到21世纪初,全球经济通过主要的资本流动联系起来。货物和服务可以进出口。劳动力被出口到能够提供更具竞争力的生产成本的国家,或者通过移民进口。资本通过全球股票市场投资或债务交换进行投资。
关于全球经济的积极和消极影响存在着巨大的争论。那些支持全球化的人声称,全球化将财富传播给所有人,促进竞争,从而改进产品。那些反全球化的人说,这会对环境造成物理破坏,并造成巨大的人力成本,如失业和贫困。未来尚未证明哪一方是正确的。
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