参议院和众议院填补美国国会空缺的方法差别很大,这是有充分理由的。
当美国众议员或参议员在任期结束前离开国会时,他们所在的国会选区或州的人民是否在华盛顿没有代表?
国会议员;参议员和众议员通常在任期结束前离职,原因有五种:死亡、辞职、退休、驱逐、选举或任命其他政府职位。
虽然美国宪法没有规定处理参议院空缺的方法,但空缺几乎可以通过前参议员所在州州长的任命立即填补。一些州的法律要求州长举行特别选举以取代美国参议员。在州长任命替代者的州,州长几乎总是任命自己政党的一名成员。在某些情况下,州长将任命该州目前在众议院的一名美国代表填补参议院的空缺,从而在众议院产生一个空缺。当一名议员在任期结束前竞选并当选其他政治职位时,国会也会出现空缺。
在36个州,州长任命临时替代者填补参议院空缺席位。在下一次定期举行的选举中,将举行一次特别选举,以取代临时任命的人,这些人可能自己竞选该职位。
在其余14个州,将在指定日期举行特别选举以填补空缺。在这14个州中,有10个州允许总督作出临时任命,以填补该席位,直至举行特别选举为止。
由于参议院空缺可以很快填补,而且每个州都有两名参议员,因此一个州不太可能在参议院没有代表。
直到1913年美国宪法第17修正案获得批准之前,参议院的空缺席位都是由各州而不是人民自己选择的,这与参议员自己选择的方式是一样的。
正如最初批准的那样,《宪法》规定,参议员由各州立法机构任命,而不是由人民选举产生。同样,原宪法将填补参议院空缺席位的责任完全留给州立法机构。制宪者认为,授予各州任命和替换参议员的权力将使他们更加忠于联邦政府,并增加新宪法获得批准的机会。
然而,当参议院一再出现冗长的空缺开始拖延立法进程时,众议院和参议院最终同意将第17条修正案送交各州批准,该修正案要求直接选举参议员。修正案还确立了通过特别选举填补参议院空缺的现行方法。
众议院的空缺通常需要更长的时间才能填补。宪法要求众议院议员只能由前众议员所在国会选区举行的选举取代。
"When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies." -- Article I, Section 2, Clause 4 of the U.S. Constitution在国会的第一次两年会议期间,现行联邦法律要求所有州、地区和哥伦比亚特区举行特别选举,以填补任何众议院空缺席位。然而,在国会第二届会议期间,程序往往因空缺发生之日至下次大选之日之间的时间长短而有所不同。例如,根据《美国法典》第2编第8节,一个州的州长可以在特殊情况下随时举行特别选举,例如导致众议院435个席位空缺超过100个的危机。
根据美国宪法和州法律,该州州长呼吁举行特别选举,以取代众议院的空缺席位。必须遵循整个选举周期,包括政党提名程序、初选和大选,所有这些都在相关国会选区举行。整个过程通常长达三到六个月。
众议院席位空缺时,前代表的办公室仍然开放,其工作人员在众议院书记官的监督下运作。在空缺期间,受影响的国会选区的人民在众议院没有投票代表权。但是,他们可以继续联系前代表的临时办公室,以获得众议院书记员所列有限范围服务的协助\
在选出新的代表之前,空缺的国会办公室不能担任或主张公共政策的职位。选民可以选择向当选参议员表达对立法或问题的意见,或者等到选出新的代表。空缺办公室收到的邮件将予以确认。空缺职位的工作人员可以向选民提供有关立法状况的一般信息,但不能提供问题分析或发表意见。
该空缺办公室的工作人员将继续协助该办公室有未决案件的选民。这些选民将收到秘书的一封信,要求工作人员是否继续提供协助。如果选民没有未决案件,但在联邦政府机构相关事宜上需要协助,请联系最近的地区办事处,以获取进一步信息和协助。
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