为什么facebook需要一个内容审查的最高法院

什么属于Facebook？这是我们目前对社交媒体进行评估的一个核心问题，考虑到该公司平台的庞大，这一问题可能非常难以回答。”假新闻不是你的朋友，”该公司说，但你仍然可以发布你想要的任何消息。亚历克斯·琼斯的阴谋论激发了人们对桑迪·胡克枪击案受害者的父母多年的骚扰，但在他们突然变得不好之前，这些阴谋论都很好。每个人似乎都同意恐怖主义不属于Facebook，尽管Facebook上的恐怖主义比你想象的还...

但是想象一下你可以从头开始。你会选择什么，你会选择什么？这就是Radiolab新一集的框架，它记录了Facebook内容政策的演变，从一张纸发展到27页关于**、性、暴力等的滑稽规则。

整整一小时的播客非常值得你花时间。它考察了三场日益严重的温和辩论。第一个是关于什么时候展示母乳喂养是合适的——Facebook在这一领域逐渐变得更加自由。

第二个问题是什么时候你可以批评法律所谓的受保护阶层——比如性别或宗教。这是一个Facebook通常变得更加保守的领域。有一段时间，对“白人”的批评是被禁止的——这两个词都属于保护类别——而“黑人儿童”则不是。理由是“儿童”是一个不受保护的阶层，你可以对一个不受保护的阶层说任何话，因为Facebook无法知道他们的种族是否与你的反感有关。

制片人西蒙·阿德勒（Simon Adler）在节目中说：“如果规则是，任何时候提到一个受保护的类，它都可能是仇恨言论，那么在这一点上，你所做的就是公开所有在Facebook上对任何人发表的评论，都可能是仇恨言论。”。

这一政策已经改变，黑人儿童现在受到保护，免受最恶劣形式的仇恨言论的伤害。”Facebook产品和反恐政策主管莫妮卡·比克特（Monika Bickert）对阿德勒（Adler）说：“我们知道，无论我们把这条线划在哪里，总会有一些我们不喜欢的结果。”总会有伤亡的。这就是我们继续改变政策的原因。”

第三场辩论是我认为最有说服力的辩论。这是一个关于两个内容审查决定的故事，分别在2013年6个月前做出。第一个决定发生在波士顿马拉松爆炸案之后，当时爆炸案受害者的照片被发布在Facebook上。当时，该公司对大屠杀的政策是“外面没有内幕”——这显然违反了轰炸照片。阿德勒的匿名前主持人告诉他，经过一番辩论后，一位不知名的Facebook高管表示，这些照片应该保留下来，因为它们具有新闻价值。

六个月后，Facebook在墨西哥面临类似的困境，**和卡特尔陷入了血腥冲突。用户开始发布一段**被斩首的视频——这段视频特别有新闻价值，因为**一直公开否认卡特尔暴力的报道。但在这起案件中，另一位未透露姓名的高管要求将视频放下来。一位前主持人说，这一决定导致了主持人团队的离职：

I think it was a mistake. Because I felt like, like why do we have these rules in place in the first place? And and it’s not the only reason, but it’s decisi*** like that that are the thing that precipitated me leaving.

五年后，该公司的任务是在全球范围内做出类似的决策。它极大地扩展了——并且在今年公开了——它做出这些决定所依据的社区准则。它还承诺雇用20000名新员工从事安全和安保工作。阿德勒这样说：

从本质上讲，Facebook试图做的是将第一修正案这一美国法律的高尚原则转化为一本工程手册，每四秒钟就可以执行一次，适用于全球任何地方发生的任何内容。

然后，他转而成为菲律宾的前主持人。她说，她的同事经常会在没有真正学习的情况下批准内容，以**相对较低的工资——她在那里工作时大约每小时2.50美元。她说，她还很大程度上依赖于自己的直觉，甚至在消除无辜**方面也犯了错误。”如果它会扰乱年轻观众，那么它就不应该在那里，”她说。

这一切该怎么办？Radiolab以一个不同寻常的凄凉结束：“我认为他们将不可避免地失败，但他们必须尝试，我认为我们都应该支持他们，”阿德勒说。

但这种观点认为Facebook的内容节制系统永远不会超越其政策手册。事实上，该公司已经为我们提供了至少两个如何改变的想法。

首先，Facebook可以扩大用户对适度决策的上诉渠道。它在四月份开始这样做，当时我报告说：

Now users will be able to request that the company review takedowns of content they posted personally. If your post is taken down, you’ll be notified on Facebook with an option to “request review.” Facebook will review your request within 24 hours, it says, and if it decides it has made a mistake, it will restore the post and notify you. By the end of this year, if you have reported a post but been told it does not violate the community standards, you’ll be able to request a review for that as well.

同一个月，马克·扎克伯格（Mark Zuckerberg）告诉埃兹拉·克莱因（Ezra Klein），他可以想象有一天Facebook会有一个独立的最高**来做出温和的决定：

Over the long term, what I’d really like to get to is an independent appeal. So maybe folks at Facebook make the first decision based on the community standards that are outlined, and then people can get a second opinion. You can imagine some sort of structure, almost like a Supreme Court, that is made up of independent folks who don’t work for Facebook, who ultimately make the final judgment call on what should be acceptable speech in a community that reflects the social norms and values of people all around the world.

Facebook用这些想法描述的是一个类似于司法系统的东西——我发现它正在做的事情很少有比这更吸引人的了。由于Radiolab列出的所有理由，完美的内容控制机制可能是太多的希望。但Facebook可以建立和支持一些机构，帮助它平衡****和安全社区这两个相互竞争的概念。最终，什么属于Facebook的问题不能完全由在那里工作的人来决定。

民主

谷歌的Brin警察计划在中国挽回失去的十年

上周五，我写了一篇关于谷歌重新进入中国的计划如何可能引发公司危机的文章。当天晚些时候，根据对员工的采访，Ellen Huet为整个故事提供了有价值的新线索。这里的主要观点包括：许多谷歌人希望他们从未放弃过中国；首席执行官Sundar Pichai认为谷歌进入中国可能会对中国产生未指明的“积极影响”；而联合创始人谢尔盖·布林（Sergey Brin）——最初带领冲锋队离开该国——现在基本上保持中立。这也值得考虑：

Now, the business case for engaging with China has grown, while the issue of censorship online has become more nuanced, according to the person. Germany has strong anti-hate speech rules, Thailand limits what can be said about its royal family online, and Europe has a right-to-be-forgotten law that lets people ask Google to remove old information about them from search results. To free-speech purists, these are also undesirable forms of online censorship, the person noted.

Facebook的加密战将比圣贝纳迪诺更为艰难

周五晚些时候，路透社报道称，作为刑事调查的一部分，FBI正试图迫使Facebook允许其监听Messenger应用程序上的语音对话。我的同事Russell Brandom表示，Facebook可能要比2016年的苹果更难应对这一问题，当时它在圣贝纳迪诺枪击案后成功地抵御了类似的压力：

There are crucial differences in this new case, and most of them are unfavorable to Facebook. While San Bernardino used a novel legal argument against a hardened device, Facebook’s case uses a well-tested legal procedure against a protocol that wasn’t built with this attack in mind. Not all encryption is the same, and every indication is that Facebook’s Messenger encryption simply wasn’t designed to maintain privacy in the face of a court-compelled wiretap. As a result, Facebook is facing a much tougher legal fight with a much less predictable result.

“我们不会让这种情况发生的，”特朗普指控社会媒体对保守派进行审查

总统再次错误地在推特上说，社交媒体公司正在扼杀保守派的声音(提醒大家，7月份福克斯新闻在Facebook上的参与度超过了其他任何一家出版商。）

Facebook向研究人员开放——但不是2016年大选

大卫·英格拉姆（David Ingram）报告称，学术界出于研究目的对数据的访问将仅限于2017年1月1日之后发布的内容——许多研究人员希望研究的2016年选举期之后。

Facebook暂停了一家拉丁美洲新闻网络，并给出了三个不同的原因

Sam Biddle报道，Facebook关闭了委内瑞拉官方媒体Telesur的英文页面，原因尚不清楚。

In an emailed statement to The Intercept, a company spokesperson said, “The Page was temporally unpublished to protect it after we detected suspicious activity.” The term “suspicious activity” does not appear in Facebook’s terms of service. The spokesperson would not explain what “suspicious activity” was observed on Telesur’s page, or define the term, or explain why it was initially blamed on rule-breaking by Telesur and then technical problems on the social network’s end.

《****》是如何在硅谷的故事中漏掉一个女人的

本月，《****》杂志发表了一篇封面故事，讲述了三名活动人士在加利福尼亚州领导一场不太可能通过数据隐私立法的斗争(克什米尔山报告说，另一位活动家在该法案的通过中发挥了关键作用：玛丽·斯通·罗斯，前中情局和众议院情报局的成员。但她与该组织的领导层发生了争吵：

Personality conflicts inevitably happen in almost any workplace, including those of feel-good activists. Ross’s erasure from the lore of the law’s passage isn’t necessarily nefarious or a deliberate attempt to avoid giving a woman credit for her accomplishments. Those involved may have genuinely felt like she didn’t need to be mentioned because she didn’t support the compromise they’d made and wasn’t going to be part of the group moving forward.

“Mary Ross was an important part of the campaign team when we were all working full steam ahead to pass a ballot measure,” Robin Swanson, the campaign c***ultant for the group, told me by email. “Roles shifted when she made it clear she did not support a legislative compromise because she felt it wouldn’t go far enough.”

欧盟考虑对不在一小时内删除恐怖内容的科技公司处以罚款

欧盟正在考虑制定严厉的新法律，迫使Facebook和YouTube等科技公司在60分钟内删除其平台上的恐怖宣传，否则将面临罚款。请注意，科技公司已经受到类似的德国法律的影响，该法律规定他们可以全天24小时工作。

QAnon和Pinterest只是一个开始

Mike Caulfield介绍了Pinterest的推荐引擎对Qanon和其他阴谋理论家的好处：

The UI-driven decontextualization that drove Facebook’s news crisis is actually worse here. Looking at a board, I have no idea why I am seeing these various bits of information at all, or any indication where they come from.

Facebook minimized provenance in the UI to disastrous results. Pinterest has completely stripped it. What could go wrong?

Twitter存在“有毒”内容的问题。首席执行官杰克·多尔西（Jack Dorsey）说，他正在想尽一切办法解决这个问题

杰克·多尔西（Jack Dorsey）的2018年巡演在周末被CNN的可靠消息来源阻止。在信中，他承认推特员工存在“左倾”偏见，说主动调节推特的成本太高，并承诺公司将重新考虑如何显示喜欢和转发。如果你在Twitter从事通信工作，想让我了解公司战略，我会洗耳恭听。

在别处

TripAdvisor如何改变旅行

琳达·金斯勒（Linda Kintsler）有一篇关于TripAdvisor历史的长篇文章，讲述了TripAdvisor如何也没有计划应对成功。该网站被虚假评论和企业攻击所困扰，这些企业希望删除不好的评论。值得通过其他平台类似斗争的棱镜阅读：

On 1 November 2017, an investigation by Raquel Rutledge, a journalist at the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, found that TripAdvisor had a habit of deleting posts detailing sexual assaults and other violent crimes on the grounds that they either violated the family-friendly policy, contained second-hand information, or hearsay, or they were deemed “off topic” by site moderators. “There’s no way to know how many negative reviews are withheld by TripAdvisor; how many true, terrifying experiences never get told; or for site users to know that much of what they see has been specifically selected and crafted to encourage them to spend,” Rutledge wrote.

On 7 November, TripAdvisor’s market value crashed by $1bn when its stock price dropped from $39 to $30 per share, its worst-ever day on the stock market. A couple of weeks later, the US Federal Trade Commission opened an ongoing investigation into the company’s business practices. “For a long time, [companies] could claim that their role was largely proactive, that all they had to do was put safeguards in place to reduce the risks of bad things happening,” says Bot**an. “We’ve seen a massive pendulum swing – it’s now their resp***ibility when things go wrong. This is a whole new era of corporate accountability.”

模特儿在联合广场骗男人参加约会比赛

我最喜欢的内容类型之一是“约会是一场噩梦”，麦迪逊·马龙·科彻为我们讲述了一个绝对经典的故事：

The summer of scam has a new hero, and her name is Natasha Aponte. What did Ms. Aponte do to warrant this title? She used Tinder to con dozens of men into believing they were meeting her for a one-on-one date in Union Square. When the men arrived, they discovered that instead of a date … they’d be competing against each other to win it.

阿迪达斯正与推特合作，为高中足球比赛提供流媒体

推特正在流失用户和流血，这意味着现在是时候投资在notes上播放高中足球比赛了：

“Nationally ranked teams” from California, Nevada, Indiana, Georgia, and Florida will be part of the series, and will start on September 7th and will finish on November 9th. TechCrunch notes that NFL games have been popular on the site, and that this is the first time that high school games will be streamed in this fashion. The games will be available on @adidasFballUS on both mobile and desktop devices, and will be accompanied by a Twitter timeline with additional coverage and tweets.

Facebook——是的，Facebook——如何让MRIs更快

Matt McFarland指出，纽约大学医学院正在向Facebook提供一个包含10000次MRI检查的匿名数据集，希望Facebook的人工智能团队能够创建一个更快的测试版本。请欣赏Facebook人工智能研究组（emphasis mine）负责人在这里无意中投下的阴影：

Facebook started talking to NYU about the project last year because its AI team wanted to work on something with real-world benefits even as it performs basic research, said Larry Zitnick of the company’s Artificial Intelligence Research group. It plans to open-source any findings in the hope that sharing the data will encourage others to expand upon its work.

LinkedIn将允许经济学研究人员挖掘其数据

据杰里米·卡恩报道，LinkedIn正在允许经批准的研究人员访问匿名数据，以帮助他们研究经济：

The initiative, called the LinkedIn Economic Graph Program, is an expansion of an earlier collaboration with outside economics researchers that the company created in 2015. That effort resulted in several path-breaking findings, the company said.

For example, researchers from the World Economic Forum used LinkedIn’s data to explore the gender gap. Jessica Jeffers, an assistant professor of finance at the University of Chicago, used LinkedIn data to examine the impact of non-compete agreements, determining that they hurt new firms and entrepreneurship.

Jeffree Star、Laura Lee、Gabriel Zamora&amp；YouTube的种族主义推特剧

一群广受欢迎的YouTube用户彼此都很生气，他们在Twitter上搜索种族主义内容——并找到了一些！

发射

Snapchat期待已久的重新设计更加流畅，现在可以通过roo启用

Richard Gao写道，安卓系统的更快的Snapchat现在是alpha。

SurfSafe浏览器扩展将使您免于伪造照片

Issie Lapowsky报道了SurfSafe，这是一个由两名加州大学伯克利分校本科生创建的浏览器扩展，有助于在互联网上找到图像的来源。这有助于确定呈现为新内容的内容是否来自另一个时间或环境，或者仅仅是一个骗局。浏览器扩展通常是DOA，但在激发实际浏览器功能方面可能很有用。那么，让我们在这里抄送Chrome、Safari和Firefox团队。

面向大学生的Islands应用程序添加了类似Facebook的用户目录

Kia Kokalitheva写到了Islands的重新启动，这是一个以大学为中心的社交网络，模仿Facebook、Snapchat和Slack的各个方面：

In the new version of Islands, users will be able to join and create group chat rooms on their campus, have a profile page that includes their Snapchat and Instragram handles, see other students who are nearby (within about 1 mile of them), and view a directory of students in their school who have signed up for the app.

Currently, 5-25% of students on active campuses are using Islands, according to Isenberg, and each user invites two others. At the end of this past spring semester, Islands’ users were sending thousands of messages per day, and Isenberg predicts that when the app rolls out in every U.S. college, users will be sending 2 million messages every day.

Giphy全天都在推出自己的精选GIF故事

我读了我同事Dami Lee的故事，然后尖叫道“为什么？！”一直如此。向“花得好的时间”的反面打招呼：

Now Giphy is announcing that it’s refreshing its homepage to prominently feature Stories, which will be curated by an editorial team. Stories will be centered around the day’s trending subjects, told through GIFs. One story will be published every hour, curated by categories of Entertainment, Sports, and Reacti***.

Despite the obvious connection to Instagram Stories in its name, Giphy Stories are a little more like a cross between a Twitter Moment and Snapchat’s Discover content. There’s episode recaps like “The Bachelorette Finale in GIFs” which are reminiscent of Tumblr GIF sets, and reaction packs like “The best GIFs for your summer out of office email” which read like a Buzzfeed listicle in GIF form.

拿

杰克·多尔西为右翼最喜欢的推特阴谋注入了活力

玛雅·科索夫说，推特永远不会像告诉保守派它是“左倾的”那样活下去。他的话并不是特别恰当，但（1）它们可能基本上是正确的，（2）保守派会说，不管杰克·多尔西是否这样做过。也就是说，这一切都是真的：

Dorsey has spent much of the summer attempting to head off this type of critici**. In June, the Twitter C.E.O. dined at the upscale Georgetown restaurant Cafe Milano with a group that included White House communicati*** adviser Mercedes Schlapp and Fox News commentator Guy Benson, in what quickly devolved into an airing of grievances. His most recent media tour began on Sean Hannity’sradio show, where he sought to reassure listeners that Twitter would not “shadow ban” them. C***ervatives praised his transparency, and Hannity himself has since claimed to have a direct line of communication with Dorsey. But Dorsey should have known his time in the right-wing sun would be short-lived; the likes of Hannity and Jones have proven over and over again that they will never let up on the social-media giant, even when Twitter appears to skew explicitly in their favor. In admitting to “left-leaning” bias, and promising to stamp it out when enforcing rules, Dorsey effectively handed c***ervatives more ammunition, perpetuating the cycle that forces him to continually tiptoe around the right.

隐私的未来：虚假信息

山姆·莱辛说，虚假信息是最令人沮丧的未来：

This is a strategy in general that we should all expect to see more and more in the world. It is, I would argue, the aggressively technologically correct strategy to run for the future. Don’t prevent leaks or try to lock down everything. Just build self-serving networks of people or bots to put out enough false information to obscure reality.

If you are a private person, don’t try to avoid having a social media profile. Instead try to have many fake ones, all sharing contradictory information about “you.”