(1) 写作是一种可以用来表达意义的图形符号系统。见下面的观察结果。此外,请参阅以下与书写系统相关的主题:
(2) 写作是写作的行为。见下面的观察结果。此外,请参见以下与合成相关的主题:
源于印欧语系的一个词根,“剪、刮、画轮廓”
发音:李婷
写作与语言
Writing is not language. Language is a complex system residing in our brain which allows us to produce and interpret utterances. Writing involves making an utterance visible. Our cultural tradition does not make this distinction clearly. We sometimes hear statements such as Hebrew has no vowels; this statement is roughly true for the Hebrew writing system, but it is definitely not true for the Hebrew language. Readers should constantly check that they are not confusing language and writing. (Henry Rogers, Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach. Blackwell, 2005)写作的起源
Most scholars now accept that writing began with accountancy. . . . In the late 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in Mesopotamia reached a point at which it outstripped the power of memory of the governing elite. To record transactions in a dependable, permanent form became essential... [E]ssential to the development of full writing, as opposed to the limited, purely pictographic writing of North American Indians and others, was the discovery of the rebus principle. This was the radical idea that a pictographic symbol could be used for its phonetic value. Thus a drawing of an owl in Egyptian hieroglyphs could represent a consonant sound with an inherent m; and in English a picture of a bee with a picture of a leaf might (if one were so minded) represent the word belief. (Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing. Thames, 1995)古希腊的识字革命
By Aristotle's time, political orators, including Demosthenes, were publishing written, polished versions of speeches they had earlier delivered. Though writing had been introduced into Greece in the ninth century [BC], 'publication' long remained a matter of oral presentation. The period from the middle of the fifth to the middle of the fourth centuries B.C. has been called the time of a 'literate revolution' in Greece, comparable to the changes brought in the fifteenth century by the introduction of printing and in the twentieth century by the computer, for reliance on writing greatly increased in this period and affected the perception of texts; see Havelock 1982 and Ong 1982. . . . Rhetoric gave increased attention to the study of written composition. The radical effects of greater reliance on writing can, however, be exaggerated; ancient society remained oral to a much greater degree than modern society, and the primary goal of the teaching of rhetoric was consistently an ability to speak in public. (George A. Kennedy, Aristotle, On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse. Oxford University Press, 1991)柏拉图论写作的奇异性
Thamus replied [to Theuth], 'Now you, who are the father of letters, have been led by your affection to ascribe to them a power the opposite of that which they really possess. For this invention will produce forgetfulness in the minds of those who learn to use it, because they will not practice their memory. . . . You offer your pupils the appearance of wisdom, not true wisdom, for they will read many things without instruction and will therefore seem to know many things, when they are for the most part ignorant.' Writing, Phaedrus, has this strange quality, and is very like painting; for the creatures of painting stand like living beings, but if one asks them a question, they preserve a solemn silence. And so it is with written words; you might think they spoke as if they had intelligence, but if you question them, wishing to know about their sayings, they always say only one and the same thing. And every word, when once it is written, is bandied about, alike among those who understand and those who have no interest in it, and it knows not to whom to speak or not to speak; when ill-treated or unjustly reviled it always needs its father to help it; for it has no power to protect or help itself." (Socrates in Plato's Phaedrus, translated by H. N. Fowler)写作轻松的一面
创造性写作的主要区别(main difference creative writing) vs. 小说写作(fiction writing) Creative writing and fiction writing are two types of writing that are vastly different from academic, scientific, or technical writing. These two types of writing require special talent and...
技术写作的主要区别(main difference technical writing) vs. 文学写作(literary writing) 技术性写作和文学性写作是两种重要的写作风格,它们依赖于写作的主题、目的和读者群。技术写作与文学写作的主要区别在于,文学语言是文...
...成。 拼贴文章(也称为拼凑文章、不连续文章和分段写作)通常会放弃传统的过渡,让读者自己定位或在片段观察之间建立联系。 David Shields在其著作《现实饥饿》(2010)中将拼贴定义为“以形成新图像的方式重新组合先前...
...战略与结构》,Allyn and Bacon,1996) 起草和修改论文“在写作过程的早期制定一篇论文是个好主意,也许可以在草稿纸上草草记下,或者把它放在一个粗略的提纲的开头,或者尝试写一个包含论文的介绍性段落。你的暂定论文可...
...评价性观点等,但没有硬性的指南来编写小插曲。但文学写作是一项创造性的事业,而这一小插曲为研究者提供了一个机会,让他们摆脱传统的学术论述,转而创作仍然牢牢扎根于数据中但不是数据奴隶的富有感召力的散文。”...
在线写作是指使用计算机、智能手机或类似数字设备创建(通常用于在上面查看)的任何文本。也被称为数字写作。 在线写作格式包括短信、即时消息、电子邮件、博客、推特以及在社交媒体网站(如Facebook)上发表评论。 ...
...夫·沃尔多·爱默生和奥斯卡·王尔德都以其高度警句化的写作风格而闻名。爱尔兰诗人简·王尔德(以笔名“斯佩兰扎”写作)观察到“警句总是比对话中的辩论更好。” 实例和意见 “国家越腐败,法律就越多。”(塔西佗...
...·泰特编辑。德克萨斯基督教大学出版社,1987年) 作为写作作业的解释“你可能会被分配一篇论文,要求你分析一本书或一本书的一部分。。我们称这种方法为“文本”分析,因为作者所写的文本本身提供了您的数据。你的论...
...视为一种多才多艺且富有成效的启发(或发明方法),在写作课程中对学生很有用。 见下面的例子和观察。另见: 伯克会客厅 构图研究 识别 记者提问(5 W和1 H) 逻辑学 神秘化 新修辞学 五角星 象征性行动 实例和意见...
...飞钓比冰钓更令人兴奋。”(斯蒂芬·威尔伯斯在《伟大写作的关键》中) “一些文字编辑和记者在他们的稿件中表现出一种恐惧症,让我们下楼十次检查灯是否关了。他们有一种唠叨的怀疑,认为读者没有完全理解要点——所...