搭配（发音：KOL-oh-KAY-sun）是一组熟悉的词，尤其是习惯性地出现在一起并通过联想传达意思的词。搭配一词（源自拉丁语，意为“放在一起”）最早由英国语言学家约翰·鲁珀特·弗斯（John Rupert Firth，1890-1960）在其语言学意义上使用，他有一句著名的话：“你应该通过一个词所属的公司来了解它。”搭配范围指的是通常伴随一个词的一组项目。搭配范围的大小部分取决于一个词的特异性水平和意义的数量。

实例和意见

"Once upon a time there was a Martian named Valentine Michael Smith." —Robert Heinlein, "Stranger in a Strange Land" "Once upon a time and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo." —James Joyce, "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" "The mule has more horse sense than a horse. He knows when to stop eating—and he knows when to stop working." —Harry S. Truman. "I'm an incredible man, possessing an iron will and nerves of steel—two traits that have helped me become the genius I am today as well as the lady killer I was in days gone by." —William Morgan Sheppard as Dr. Ira Graves, "Star Trek: The Next Generation"

“命运之轮”词汇

"Collocations and clichés are strings of words that are remembered as wholes and often used together, such as gone with the wind or like two peas in a pod. People know tens of thousands of these expressions; the linguist Ray Jackendoff refers to them as 'the Wheel of Fortune lexicon,' after the game show in which contestants guess a familiar expression from a few fragments." —From "Words and Rules" by Steven Pinker

搭配的可预测性

"Every lexeme has collocations, but some are much more predictable than others. Blond collocates strongly with hair, flock with sheep, neigh with horse. Some collocations are totally predictable, such as spick with span, or addled with brains . . .. Others are much less so: letter collocates with a wide range of lexemes, such as alphabet and spelling, and (in another sense) box, post, and write. . . . "Collocations should not be confused with 'association of ideas.' The way lexemes work together may have nothing to do with 'ideas.' We say in English green with jealousy (not blue or red), though there is nothing literally 'green' about 'jealousy.'" —From "How Language Works" by David Crystal

搭配范围

"Two main factors can influence the collocational range of an item (Beekman and Callow, 1974). The first is its level of specificity: the more general a word is, the broader its collocational range; the more specific it is, the more restricted its collocational range. The verb bury is likely to have a much broader collocational range than any of its hyponyms, such as inter or entomb, for example. Only people can be interred, but you can bury people, a treasure, your head, face, feelings, and memories. The second factor which determines the collocational range of an item is the number of senses it has. Most words have several senses and they tend to attract a different set of collocates for each sense." —From "In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation" by Mona Baker

乔治·卡林对广告搭配的看法

"Quality, value, style, service, selection, convenience, economy, savings, performance, experience, hospitality, low rates, friendly service, name brands, easy terms, affordable prices, money-back guarantee, free installation. "Free admission, free appraisal, free alterations, free delivery, free estimates, free home trial--and free parking. "No cash? No problem. No kidding! No fuss, no muss, no risk, no obligation, no red tape, no down payment, no entry fee, no hidden charges, no purchase necessary, no one will call on you, no payments or interest till September. "Limited time only, though, so act now, order today, send no money, offer good while supplies last, two to a customer, each item sold separately, batteries not included, mileage may vary, all sales are final, allow six weeks for delivery, some items not available, some assembly required, some restrictions may apply." —"Advertising Lullabye" by George Carlin

进一步资源

• 综合
• 形容词顺序
• 二项式
• 大块
• 陈词滥调
• 概念意义
• 语料库词典编纂
• 缩略词
• 下位词
• 习语
• 词汇教学法
• 听我说
• 负极性
• 陈词滥调
• 发生特权
• 语义场分析
• 语义透明性
• 克隆雪人
• 什么是陈词滥调？

来源

• 平克，史蒂文。《语言与规则》，哈珀柯林斯，1999年
• 克里斯托，大卫。《语言是如何工作的》，俯瞰出版社，2005年
• 贝克，蒙纳。换言之：一本关于翻译的教科书〉，劳特利奇，1992年
• 乔治·卡林《凝固汽油弹和愚蠢的油灰》中的“广告摇篮曲”，哈珀柯林斯，2001年